Sobre la participación del gen Per2 en el metabolismo humano

Guadalupe Soto Rodríguez; Celso Enrique Cortés Romero; Tania Bilbao Reboredo; Marcela Vélez Pliego; Jorge Cebada Ruiz; Jesús Adán González Ortega; Cecilia Barrios Espinosa; Victor Manuel Blanco-Álvarez; Bertha Alicia León-Chávez

Sobre la participación del gen Per2 en el metabolismo humano

Guadalupe Soto Rodríguez, Celso Enrique Cortés Romero, Tania Bilbao Reboredo, Marcela Vélez Pliego, Jorge Cebada Ruiz, Jesús Adán González Ortega, Cecilia Barrios Espinosa, Victor Manuel Blanco-Álvarez, Bertha Alicia León-Chávez

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Resumen

La actividad humana se realiza de manera preferente en presencia de la luz solar. La vida de las personas y las colectividades se han organizado alrededor de un ciclo de aproximadamente 24 horas. Estos ciclos (léase también ritmos) circadianos se generan mediante un reloj central que se localiza en el núcleo supraquiasmático del hipotálamo anterior. La actividad de este reloj central afecta la expresión de varios genes. Los procesos metabólicos están influenciados también por este reloj biológico central, de tal forma que la disrupción del mismo puede asociarse con un incremento en el riesgo de padecer exceso de peso y obesidad, Diabetes tipo 2, hipertensión arterial y dislipidemias proaterogénicas (entre otras manifestaciones del Síndrome metabólico). El gen Per2 (del inglés Period Circadian Regulator 2, por “Regulador 2 del Período Circadiano”) es un componente esencial de este reloj central, y se expresa en casi todos los tejidos de la economía, por lo que está implicado en la regulación de las actividades neurobiológicas y del eje hipotálamo-hipófisis-adrenal. A su vez, el gen Per2 es regulado por el neuropéptido Y (NPY), los glucocorticoides y la grelina. La proteína Per2 se expresa de forma diferente en las áreas neuroendocrinas que participan en las emociones, la respuesta conductual y mental al estrés, y los estados emocionales y motivacionales como la amígdala y el hipocampo. Por estas (y otras) razones se ha sugerido que el gen Per2 intervenga en las conductas de búsqueda y gratificación que subyacen en el abuso de drogas, la regulación de la ingestión de alimentos, y el aprendizaje y la memoria. Los estados depresivos, el jet-lag (retraso horario en español) en los viajeros transcontinentales, la iluminación artifical y la nocturnidad pueden alterar la actividad del gen Per2, y de esta manera, contribuir independientemente a la desregulación de la conducta alimentaria, la ganancia excesiva de peso, la obesidad abdominal, la insulinorresistencia, la inflamación y el estrés oxidativo. La reeducación del sujeto obeso en la adherencia a patrones diurnos de actividad sería entonces una de las recomendaciones para la inducción de la reducción deseada del exceso de peso y la disminución del riesgo cardiovascular.

Palabras clave

Gen Per2; Ciclo circadiano; Obesidad; Hipotálamo; Fotoperíodo.

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