Predictores bioquímicos de la Gran Crisis Ateroesclerótica en nefrópatas crónicos sujetos a hemodiálisis iterada

Miroslaba Dalas Guibert, Celia Alonso Rodríguez, Randolfo Torres Martínez, Yazmina Fernández Uriarte, Maritza Mercedes Calvo Montes, Dulce Maria Sanz Guzmán

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Introducción: El nefrópata crónico está en riesgo incrementado de sufrir alguna de las manifestaciones de la gran crisis ateroesclerótica (GCA). A ello contribuye la acidosis metabólica, la inflamación, la endotelitis sistémica y la ateroesclerosis. La inflamación puede ser reconocida mediante predictores bioquímicos selectos. Objetivo: Establecer las asociaciones entre la GCA y predictores bioquímicos selectos de inflamación en nefrópatas sujetos a hemodiálisis (HD) iterada. Diseño del estudio: Prospectivo, longitudinal, analítico. Los nefrópatas en HD iterada fueron seguidos durante 12 meses para registrar la ocurrencia de alguno de los eventos comprendidos dentro de la GCA. Locación del estudio: Programa de Hemodiálisis, Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Clínico-quirúrgico “Hermanos Ameijeiras” (La Habana, Cuba). Serie de estudio: Sesenta y uno pacientes (Hombres: 39.3%; Edades ≥ 60 años: 42.6%; Fístula arterio-venosa: 68.9%; Tiempo de permanencia en HD: 3.7 ± 4.3 años; Escala de Karnofsky: Sin limitaciones para el desempeño cotidiano: 62.3%) atendidos en el programa hospitalario de HD. El 36.1% de los nefrópatas refirió antecedentes de enfermedad cardiovascular (ECV) a la inclusión en el estudio. La hipertrofia ventricular izquierda (HVI) estaba presente en el 43.1% de ellos. Métodos: Se examinaron la naturaleza y la fuerza de la asociación entre la condición del paciente al cierre de la ventana de observación y las concentraciones séricas iniciales de hemoglobina (g.L-1), eritrosedimentación (mm.hora-1), proteínas totales (g.L-1), albúmina (g.L-1), colesterol total (mmol.L-1), triglicéridos (mmol.L-1), proteína C reactiva (mg.dL-1), y fibrinógeno (ng.L-1) mediante el cálculo del riesgo relativo (RR). Resultados: La tasa de mortalidad por-todas-las-causas fue del 34.4%. La mortalidad tras 12 meses de seguimiento fue dependiente de los antecedentes personales de ECV (RR = 1.94); las alteraciones electrocardiográficas (RR = 1.89) y ecocardiográficas (RR = 1.15); una VSG acelerada (RR = 1.55); una PCR aumentada (RR = 1.55); la presencia de anemia (RR = 1.54); y la hipertrigliceridemia (RR = 1.59). Un puntaje disminuido en la escala de Karnofsky (RR = 2.08) también señaló a los nefrópatas en riesgo incrementado de fallecer durante la etapa de observación. La maquinaria logística no encontró predictores independientes de la mortalidad a los 12 meses. La edad del paciente y la escala de Karnofsky se asociaron con varios de los predictores propuestos de la GCA. Conclusiones: La edad del paciente y la escala de Karnofsky pueden componer una parte importante de la influencia de los predictores bioquímicos de la GCA.

Palabras clave

Enfermedad Renal Crónica; Diálisis; Azotemia; Anemia; Inflamación; Desnutrición; Gran Crisis Ateroesclerótica; Mortalidad

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