Sobre los alimentos con actividad hipolipemiante

Claudia María Ramírez Botero; María Orfilia Román Morales

Sobre los alimentos con actividad hipolipemiante

Claudia María Ramírez Botero, María Orfilia Román Morales

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Resumen

La determinación de los lípídos circulantes en la sangre se ha constituido en uno de los métodos bioquímicos más veraces de evaluación del riesgo de aparición de enfermedades crónicas como la arterioesclerosis, la hipertensión arterial, y las afecciones cardio- y cerebro-vasculares, entre otras. Las alteraciones de cualquiera de las fracciones componentes del perfil lipídico conducen a las dislipidemias: uno de los eventos moleculares subyacentes en las enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV) que suelen causar 17 millones de muertes anualmente a nivel mundial. Se han desarrollado terapias farmacológicas para el tratamiento medicamentoso de las dislipidemias. También se han explorado alternativas nutricionales para el tratamiento de las dislipidemias. Entre estas alternativas se encuentran fitoquímicos con actividad hipolipemiante que son capaces de disminuir las concentraciones séricas de LDL a la vez que incrementan las de las HDL a través de diferentes mecanismos. Dentro de estos hipolipemiantes naturales se encuentran la fibra dietética, los ácidos grasos monoinsaturados (como el ácido oleico) y los poliinsaturados (especialmente los pertenecientes a la serie w3); los fitoesteroles y los antioxidantes (entre ellos los polifenoles y los flavonoides). La presente revisión explora las propiedades bioquímicas de los distintos agentes hipolipemiantes citados en la literatura consultada y los posibles mecanismos de la acción hipolipemiante de los mismos. Se espera que esta revisión contribuya a un uso más extendido de los agentes naturales hipolipemiantes en la práctica nutricional, así como a una evaluación exhaustiva de los beneficios de su uso.

Palabras clave

Actividad hipolipemiante; Perfil lipídico; Fibra dietética; Fitoquímicos; Fitoesteroles; Antioxidantes; Ácidos grasos omega 3

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