Sobre la alimentación y la nutrición en la degeneración macular

Anna Cruz Betancourt, Yordalis Rodríguez Carballo, Yasnay Jorge Saínz

Texto completo:

PDF

Resumen

La degeneración macular relacionada con la edad (DMRE) es una grave enfermedad ocular que suele culminar en la pérdida de la visión. La DMRE es una de las primeras causas de ceguera en la tercera edad del ser humano. La DMRE suele originarse de la concurrencia de la predisposición genética de la persona, el envejecimiento, la hipertensión arterial, la hipertensión ocular y el glaucoma, la arterioesclerosis del lecho retiniano, la Diabetes mellitus, y la práctica del tabaquismo. La DMRE también podría originar de una exposición elevada de la persona a la actividad de las especies reactivas de oxígeno (EROS) y/o el estrés oxidativo y/o la deficiente protección de los sistemas antioxidantes barredores de EROS. El estrés oxidativo sería entonces la línea argumental que justificaría la actuación nutricional en la DMRE. Se han descrito asociaciones entre una dieta pobre en antioxidantes y la progresión de la DMRE. Sin embargo, las evidencias son más tenues sobre la influencia de una mayor presencia de nutrientes con propiedades antioxidantes en la dieta sobre la prevención primero de la DMRE, y la paliación de la progresión de la misma, después. La suplementación vitamino-mineral podría ser una intervención nutricional efectiva en las personas afectadas por la DMRE. Por último, se destaca el papel del huevo en la intervención dietético-nutricional de la DMRE debido al contenido de sustancias con una demostrada actividad antioxidante como la luteína y la zea-xantina. En el momento actual, la prescripción dietética hecha con arreglo a las pautas de la alimentación saludable, junto con un esquema de suplementación con vitaminas C, A, D, E; y minerales como el zinc, el cobre y el selenio, deberían incorporarse dentro de los cuidados integrales del paciente con DMRE. La inclusión del huevo en la dieta del paciente con DMRE debería revisarse a la luz de las evidencias más recientes sobre los beneficios que se obtendrían del consumo de este alimento, y el aporte significativo de carotenoides protectores de la retina.

Palabras clave

Degeneración macular relacionada con la edad; Enfermedades oculares; Nutrición; Envejecimiento

Referencias

The Lancet Healthy Longevity. Care for ageing populations globally. The Lancet Healthy Longev 2021;2(4): e180. Disponible en: http://doi:10.1016/S2666-7568(21)00064-7. Fecha de última visita: 27 de Marzo del 2021.

Nagarajan NR, Teixeira AA, Silva ST. The impact of an ageing population on economic growth: an exploratory review of the main mechanisms. Análise Social 2016;4-35. Disponible en: https://www.jstor.org/stable/43755167. Fecha de última visita: 27 de Marzo del 2021.

Bourne R, Steinmetz JD, Flaxman S, Briant PS, Taylor HR, Resnikoff S; et al. Trends in prevalence of blindness and distance and near vision impairment over 30 years: An analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study. The Lancet Global Health 2021;9(2):e130-e143. Disponible en: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214109X20304253. Fecha de última visita: 27 de Marzo del 2021.

Ajuwon PM, Ruth Bieber BSW. Vision impairment and quality of life. Int Public Health J 2014;6:341-54.

Mitchell P, Liew G, Gopinath B, Wong TY. Age-related macular degeneration. The Lancet 2018;392:1147-59.

Fleckenstein M, Keenan TD, Guymer RH, Chakravarthy U, Schmitz-Valckenberg S, Klaver CC; et al. Age-related macular degeneration. Nature Rev Dis Prim 2021;7:1-25.

Wong WL, Su X, Li X, Cheung CM, Klein R, Cheng CY, Wong TY. Global prevalence of age-related macular degeneration and disease burden projection for 2020 and 2040: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Global Health 2014:2:e106–e116. Disponible en: http://www.doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(13)70145-1. Fecha de última visita: 27 de Marzo del 2021.

Jonas JB, Cheung CMG, Panda-Jonas S. Updates on the epidemiology of age-related macular degeneration. Asia Pac. J Ophthalmol 2017;6:493-7.

Jonas JB. Global prevalence of age-related macular degeneration. The Lancet Global Health 2014;2(2):e65-e66. Disponible en: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214-109X(13)70163-3/fulltext. Fecha de última visita: 27 de Marzo del 2021.

Meyer-Ruesenberg B, Richard G. New insights into the underestimated impairment of quality of life in age-related macular degeneration- A review of the literature. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 2010;227(8):646-52. Disponible en: http://doi:10.1055/s-0029-1245118. Fecha de última visita: 27 de Marzo del 2021.

Lee KS, Lin S, Copland DA, Dick AD, Liu J. Cellular senescence in the aging retina and developments of senotherapies for age-related macular degeneration. J Neuroinflamm 2021;18:1-17.

Velilla S, García-Medina JJ, García-Layana A, Dolz-Marco R, Pons-Vázquez S, Pinazo-Durán MD; et al. Smoking and age-related macular degeneration: Review and update. J Ophthalmol. 2013;2013:895147. Disponible en: http://doi:10.1155/2013/895147. Fecha de última visita: 27 de Marzo del 2021.

Huang CP, Lin YW, Huang YC, Tsai FJ. Mitochondrial dysfunction as a novel target for neuroprotective nutraceuticals in ocular diseases. Nutrients 2020:12: 1950. Disponible en: http://doi.org/10.3390/nu12071950. Fecha de última visita: 27 de Marzo del 2021.

Ruan Y, Jiang S, Gericke A. Age-related macular degeneration: Role of oxidative stress and blood vessels. Int J Mol Sci 2021;22(3):1296. Disponible en: http://doi:10.3390/ijms22031296. Fecha de última visita: 27 de Marzo del 2021.

Deledda A, Annunziata G, Tenore GC, Palmas V, Manzin A, Velluzzi F. Diet-derived antioxidants and their role in inflammation, obesity and gut microbiota modulation. Antioxidants [Basel] 2021; 10(5):708. Disponible en: http://doi:10.3390/antiox10050708. Fecha de última visita: 27 de Marzo del 2021.

Khandhadia S, Lotery A. Oxidation and age-related macular degeneration: Insights from molecular biology. Expert Rev Mol Med 2010;12:e34. Disponible en: http://doi:10.1017/S146239941000164X. Fecha de última visita: 27 de Marzo del 2021.

Arslan S, Kadayifçilar S, Samur G. The potential role of dietary antioxidant capacity in preventing age-related macular degeneration. J Am Coll Nutr 2019;38:424-32.

Zou M, Zhang Y, Chen A, Young CA, Li Y, Zheng D, Jin G. Variations and trends in global disease burden of age‐related macular degeneration: 1990‐2017. Acta Ophthalmologica 2021;99:e330-e335. Disponible en: http://doi:10.1111/aos.14589. Fecha de última visita: 27 de Marzo del 2021.

Kawasaki R, Yasuda M, Song SJ, Chen SJ, Jonas JB, Wang JJ; et al. The prevalence of age-related macular degeneration in Asians: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ophthalmology 2010;117:921-7.

Colijn JM, Buitendijk GH, Prokofyeva E, Alves D, Cachulo ML, Khawaja AP; et al. Prevalence of age-related macular degeneration in Europe: The past and the future. Ophthalmology 2017;124: 1753-63.

Klein R, Chou CF, Klein BE, Zhang X, Meuer SM, Saaddine JB. Prevalence of age-related macular degeneration in the US population. Arch Ophthalmol 2011; 129:75-80.

Leasher JL, Lansingh V, Flaxman SR, Jonas JB, Keeffe J, Naidoo K; et al.; for the Vision Loss Expert Group of the Global Burden of Disease Study. Prevalence and causes of vision loss in Latin America and the Caribbean: 1990-2010. Brit J Ophthalmology 2014;98: 619-28.

Balbona Brito R. Degeneración macular relacionada con la edad: Estudio de 10 casos. Rev Cubana Oftalmol 2005;18 (1):0-0. Disponible en: http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0864-21762005000100003. Fecha de última visita: 27 de Marzo del 2021.

Tabio Henry YE, Rodríguez Rodríguez M, Gómez Guzmán E. Comportamiento de la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad en la provincia de Sancti Spíritus. Revista Infociencia 2011:0-0. Disponible en: http://www.magon.cu/infociencia/Art%C3%ADculos/2011/Art.%20Vol.15-%282%29-2011/degeneraci%C3%B3n%20macular%20658.pdf. Fecha de última visita: 27 de Marzo del 2021.

Góngora Torres JC, Bernal Moro Y, González Peña OM, Gallardo Pérez L, Pupo Negreira EC. La degeneración macular asociada a la edad: Resultados obtenidos en el municipio Puerto Padre primer semestre 2008. Rev Electrónica 2010:0-0. Disponible en: http://www.ltu.sld.cu/revista/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=61. Fecha de última visita: 27 de Marzo del 2021.

Hernández Baguer R, Triana Casado I, Bueno Arrieta Y, Cid Vázquez B. Capacidad funcional, repercusión psicológica y social y calidad de vida de ancianos con degeneración macular involutiva. Rev Habanera Ciencias Médicas 2013;12:387-98.

Hitchman Barada D, Mier de Armas M, Rodríguez Masó S. Rehabilitación óptica en la degeneración macular relativa a la edad. Rev Cubana Oftalmología 2002; 15(2):0-0. Disponible en: http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?pid=S0864-21762002000200005&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en. Fecha de última visita: 27 de Marzo del 2021.

Quintero Busutil M, Perea Ruíz CA, Padilla González CM, Rojas Rondón I, Rodríguez Masó S, Luis Goytisolo I. Capacidad funcional y calidad de vida en los ancianos con degeneración macular y baja visión. Rev Cubana Oftalmología 2014;27:332-49.

Hernández Silva JR, Río Torres M, Padilla González CM. Resultados del RACSS en ciudad de La Habana, Cuba, 2005. Rev Cubana Oftalmología 2006;19(1):0-0. Disponible en: http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?pid=S0864-21762006000100001&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en. Fecha de última visita: 27 de Marzo del 2021.

Wassle H, Boycott BB. Functional architecture of the mammalian retina. Physiol Rev 1991;71:447-80.

Hildebrand GD, Fielder AR. Anatomy and physiology of the retina. En: Pediatric retina [Editors: Hildebrand GD, Fielder AR]. Springer. Berlin [Heidelberg]: 2011. pp. 39-65.

Smith RL, Sivaprasad S, Chong V. Retinal biochemistry, physiology and cell biology. Retinal Pharmacother 2016;55:18-27.

Sarks S, Cherepanoff S, Killingsworth M, Sarks J. Relationship of basal laminar deposit and membranous debris to the clinical presentation of early age-related macular degeneration. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007;48:968-77.

Stefánsson E, Geirsdóttir Á, Sigurdsson H. Metabolic physiology in age related macular degeneration. Prog Retinal Eye Res 2011;30:72-80.

Schultz NM, Bhardwaj S, Barclay C, Gaspar L, Schwartz J. Global burden of dry age-related macular degeneration: A targeted literature review. Clin Ther 2021;43:1792-818.

Papadopoulos Z. Recent developments in the treatment of wet age-related macular degeneration. Curr Med Sci 2020;40: 851-7.

Priya RR, Chew EY, Swaroop A. Genetic studies of age-related macular degeneration: Lessons, challenges, and opportunities for disease management. Ophthalmology 2012;119:2526-36.

Lambert NG, El-Shelmani H, Singh MK, Mansergh FC, Wride MA, Padilla M; et al. Risk factors and biomarkers of age-related macular degeneration. Prog Retinal Eye Res 2016;54:64-102.

van Lookeren Campagne M, LeCouter J, Yaspan BL, Ye W. Mechanisms of age‐related macular degeneration and therapeutic opportunities. J Pathol 2014; 232:151-64.

Blasiak J, Petrovski G, Veréb Z, Facskó A, Kaarniranta K. Oxidative stress, hypoxia, and autophagy in the neovascular processes of age-related macular degeneration. Biomed Res Int 2014;2014:768026. Disponible en: http://doi:10.1155/2014/768026. Fecha de última visita: 29 de Marzo del 2021.

Yu DY, Cringle SJ. Retinal degeneration and local oxygen metabolism. Exp Eye Res 2005;80:745-51.

Kim SY, Kambhampati SP, Bhutto IA, McLeod DS, Lutty GA, Kannan RM. Evolution of oxidative stress, inflammation and neovascularization in the choroid and retina in a subretinal lipid induced age-related macular degeneration model. Exp Eye Res 2021;203:108391. Disponible en: http://doi:10.1016/j.exer.2020.108391. Fecha de última visita: 29 de Marzo del 2021.

Marazita MC, Dugour A, Marquioni-Ramella MD, Figueroa JM, Suburo AM. Oxidative stress-induced premature senescence dysregulates VEGF and CFH expression in retinal pigment epithelial cells: Implications for age-related macular degeneration. Redox Biol 2016; 7:78-87.

Catala A. Lipid peroxidation of membrane phospholipids in the vertebrate retina. Front Biosci [Scholar Edition] 2011;3:52-60.

Ahmad A, Ahsan H. Biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in ophthalmic disorders. J Immunoassay Immunochemistry 2020;41:257-71.

Kaarniranta K, Koskela A, Felszeghy S, Kivinen N, Salminen A, Kauppinen A. Fatty acids and oxidized lipoproteins contribute to autophagy and innate immunity responses upon the degeneration of retinal pigment epithelium and development of age-related macular degeneration. Biochimie 2019;159:49-54.

Natoli R, Jiao H, Barnett NL, Fernando N, Valter K, Provis JM, Rutar M. A model of progressive photo-oxidative degeneration and inflammation in the pigmented C57BL/6J mouse retina. Exp Eye Res 2016;147:114-27.

Bertram KM, Baglole CJ, Phipps RP, Libby RT. Molecular regulation of cigarette smoke induced-oxidative stress in human retinal pigment epithelial cells: implications for age-related macular degeneration. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2009;297(5):C1200-C1210. Disponible en: https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/ajpcell.00126.2009. Fecha de última visita: 29 de Marzo del 2021.

Cano M, Thimmalappula R, Fujihara M, Nagai N, Sporn M, Wang ALM; et al. Cigarette smoking, oxidative stress, the anti-oxidant response through Nrf2 signaling, and age-related macular degeneration. Vision Research 2010;50: 652-64.

Chen M, Xu H. Parainflammation, chronic inflammation, and age-related macular degeneration. J Leukoc Biol 2015;98:713-25.

Xu H, Chen M, Forrester JV. Para-inflammation in the aging retina. Prog Retin Eye Res 2009;28:348-68.

Cougnard-Grégoire A, Delyfer MN, Korobelnik JF, Rougier MB, Malet F, Le Goff M; et al. Long-term blood pressure and age-related macular degeneration: The ALIENOR study. Investig Ophthalmol Visual Sci 2013;54:1905-12.

Fischer T. The age-related macular degeneration as a vascular disease/part of systemic vasculopathy: Contributions to its pathogenesis. Orv Hetil 2015;156(9): 358-65. Disponible en: http://doi:10.1556/OH.2015.30017. Fecha de última visita: 29 de Marzo del 2021.

Clemons TE, Milton RC, Klein R, Seddon JM, Ferris 3rd FL; et al.; for the Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group. Risk factors for the incidence of Advanced Age-Related Macular Degeneration in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) AREDS report number 19. Ophthalmol 2005;112:533-9.

Nolan J, O’Donovan O, Kavanagh H, Stack J, Harrison M, Muldoon A, Mellerio J, Beatty S. Macular pigment and percentage of body fat. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2004;45:3940-50.

Zhang QY, Tie LJ, Wu SS, Lv PL, Huang HW, Wang WQ; et al. Overweight, obesity, and risk of age-related macular degeneration. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016;57:1276-83.

Adams MK, Simpson JA, Aung KZ, Makeyeva GA, Giles GG, English DR; et al. Abdominal obesity and age-related macular degeneration. Am J Epidemiol 2011;173:1246-55.

Maralani HG, Tai BC, Wong TY, Tai ES, Li J, Wang JJ, Mitchell P. Metabolic syndrome and risk of age-related macular degeneration. Retina 2015;35: 459-66.

Janssen I, Mark AE. Elevated body mass index and mortality risk in the elderly. Obes Rev 2007;8:41-59.

McGuinness MB, Le J, Mitchell P, Gopinath B, Cerin E, Saksens NT; et al. Physical activity and age-related macular degeneration: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Am J Ophthalmol 2017;180:29-38.

Williams PT. Prospective study of incident age-related macular degeneration in relation to vigorous physical activity during a 7-year follow-up. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2009;50: 101-6.

Chapman NA, Jacobs RJ, Braakhuis AJ. Role of diet and food intake in age‐related macular degeneration: A systematic review. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2019;47:106-27.

de Koning-Backus AP, Buitendijk GH, Kiefte-de Jong JC, Colijn JM, Hofman A, Vingerling JR; et al. Intake of vegetables, fruit, and fish is beneficial for age-related macular degeneration. Am J Ophthalmol 2019;198:70-9.

Gopinath B, Liew G, Russell J, Cosatto V, Burlutsky G, Mitchell P. Intake of key micronutrients and food groups in patients with late-stage age-related macular degeneration compared with age-sex-matched controls. Brit J Ophthalmol 2017;101:1027-31.

Agrón E, Mares J, Clemons TE, Swaroop A, Chew EY, Keenan TD. Dietary nutrient intake and progression to late age-related macular degeneration in the Age-Related Eye Disease Studies 1 and 2. Ophthalmol 2021;128:425-42.

Seddon JM, Cote J, Rosner B. Progression of age-related macular degeneration: association with dietary fat, transunsaturated fat, nuts, and fish intake. Arch Ophthalmol 2003;121: 1728-37.

Nowak JZ. Oxidative stress, polyunsaturated fatty acids-derived oxidation products and bisretinoids as potential inducers of CNS diseases: Focus on age-related macular degeneration. Pharmacol Rep 2013;65: 288-304.

Kopitz J, Holz FG, Kaemmerer E, Schutt F. Lipids and lipid peroxidation products in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration. Biochimie 2004; 86:825-31.

Kearney FM, Fagan XJ, Al‐Qureshi S. Review of the role of refined dietary sugars (fructose and glucose) in the genesis of retinal disease. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2014;42:564-73.

Knobbe CA, Stojanoska M. The “displacing foods of modern commerce” are the primary and proximate cause of age-related macular degeneration: A unifying singular hypothesis. Medical Hypotheses 2017;109:184-98.

Wong IYH, Koo SCY, Chan CWN. Prevention of age-related macular degeneration. Int Ophthalmol 2011;31: 73-82.

Hurley SF, Matthews JP, Guymer RH. Cost-effectiveness of smoking cessation to prevent age-related macular degeneration. Cost Effect Resource Allocation 2008;6:1-10.

Ren C, Liu W, Yin X, Zhang B, Lu P. Renin-angiotensin system inhibitor usage and age-related macular degeneration among hypertensive patients: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2005-2008. J Ophthalmol 2020;2020:4252031. Disponible en: http://doi:10.1155/2020/4252031. Fecha de última visita: 29 de Marzo del 2021.

Williams PT. Prospective study of incident age-related macular degeneration in relation to vigorous physical activity during a 7-year follow-up. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2009;50: 101-6.

Gopinath B, Liew G, Burlutsky G, Mitchell P. Physical activity and the 15-year incidence of age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014;55:7799-803.

Peeters A, Magliano DJ, Stevens J, Duncan BB, Klein R, Wong TY. Changes in abdominal obesity and age-related macular degeneration: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Arch Ophthalmology 2008;126: 1554-60.

Evans JR, Lawrenson JG. A review of the evidence for dietary interventions in preventing or slowing the progression of age‐related macular degeneration. Ophthalm Physiol Optics 2014;34:390-6.

Hogg RE, Woodside JV. Mediterranean diet and age-related macular degeneration: Is it time to attempt dietary modification? Ophthalmology 2019;126: 391-2.

Kaushik S, Wang JJ, Flood V, Tan JSL, Barclay AW, Wong TY; et al. Dietary glycemic index and the risk of age-related macular degeneration. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;88:1104-10.

Skowronska-Krawczyk D, Chao DL. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and age-related macular degeneration. Retinal Degener Dis 2019;1185:39-43.

Dziedziak J, Kasarełło K, Cudnoch-Jędrzejewska A. Dietary antioxidants in age-related macular degeneration and glaucoma. Antioxidants [Basel] 2021;10(11):1743. Disponible en: http://doi:10.3390/antiox10111743. Fecha de última visita: 29 de Marzo del 2021.

Lawler T, Liu Y, Christensen K, Vajaranant TS, Mares J. Dietary antioxidants, macular pigment, and glaucomatous neurodegeneration: A review of the evidence. Nutrients 2019;11(5):1002. Disponible en: http://doi:10.3390/nu11051002. Fecha de última visita: 29 de Marzo del 2021.

Pinelli R, Biagioni F, Limanaqi F, Bertelli M, Scaffidi E, Polzella M; et al. A re-appraisal of pathogenic mechanisms bridging wet and dry age-related macular degeneration leads to reconsider a role for phytochemicals. Int J Mol Sci 2020;21(15):5563. Disponible en: http://doi:10.3390/ijms21155563. Fecha de última visita: 29 de Marzo del 2021.

Giordano E, Quadro L. Lutein, zeaxanthin and mammalian development: Metabolism, functions and implications for health. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018;647:33-40.

Widomska J, Subczynski WK. Why has nature chosen lutein and zeaxanthin to protect the retina? J Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2014;5(1):326. Disponible en: http://doi:10.4172/2155-9570.1000326. Fecha de última visita: 29 de Marzo del 2021.

Ma L, Dou HL, Wu YQ, Huang YM, Huang YB, Xu XR; et al. Lutein and zeaxanthin intake and the risk of age-related macular degeneration: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Nutr 2012;107:350-9.

Snellen EL, Verbeek AL, van den Hoogen GW, Cruysberg JR, Hoyng CB. Neovascular age-related macular degeneration and its relationship to antioxidant intake. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 2002;80:368-71.

van den Langenberg GM, Mares-Perlman JA, Klein R, Klein BE, Brady WE, Palta M. Associations between antioxidant and zinc intake and the 5-year incidence of early age-related maculopathy in the Beaver Dam Eye Study. Am J Epidemiology 1998;148: 204-14.

Cho E, Seddon JM, Rosner B, Willett WC, Hankinson SE. Prospective study of intake of fruits, vegetables, vitamins, and carotenoids and risk of age-related maculopathy. Arch Ophthalmology 2004;122:883-92.

van Leeuwen R, Boekhoorn S, Vingerling JR, Witteman JC, Klaver CC, Hofman A, de Jong PT. Dietary intake of antioxidants and risk of age-related macular degeneration. JAMA 2005;294: 3101-7.

Eisenhauer B, Natoli S, Liew G, Flood VM. Lutein and zeaxanthin- Food sources, bioavailability and dietary variety in age-related macular degeneration protection. Nutrients 2017;9(2):120. Disponible en: http://doi:10.3390/nu9020120. Fecha de última visita: 30 de Marzo del 2021.

Gopinath B, Liew G, Tang D, Burlutsky G, Flood VM, Mitchell P. Consumption of eggs and the 15-year incidence of age-related macular degeneration. Clin Nutr 2020;39(2):580-4. Disponible en: http://10.1016/j.clnu.2019.03.009. Fecha de última visita: 30 de Marzo del 2021.

Krishnadev N, Meleth AD, Chew EY. Nutritional supplements for age-related macular degeneration. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2010;21:184-9.

Lem DW, Davey PG, Gierhart DL, Rosen RB. A systematic review of carotenoids in the management of age-related macular degeneration. Antioxidants 2021;10:1255. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10081255. Fecha de última visita: 30 de Marzo del 2021.

Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group. A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for age-related macular degeneration and vision loss: AREDS report number 8. Arch Ophthalmol 2001;119:1417-36.

Chew EY, Clemons TE, Agron E, Sperduto RD, SanGiovanni JP, Davis MD; et al.; for the Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group. Ten-year follow-up of age-related macular degeneration in the age-related eye disease study: AREDS report number 36. JAMA Ophthalmol 2014;132:272-7.

Huang YM, Dou HL, Huang FF, Xu XR, Zou ZY, Lin XM. Effect of supplemental lutein and zeaxanthin on serum, macular pigmentation, and visual performance in patients with early age-related macular degeneration. Biomed Res Int 2015; 2015:564738. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/564738. Fecha de última visita: 30 de Marzo del 2021.

Enlaces refback

  • No hay ningún enlace refback.


Bookmark and Share


Licencia de Creative Commons
Esta obra está bajo una licencia de Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional.