El exceso de peso como un factor de riesgo de complicaciones durante la hemodiálisis iterada

Dagoberto Semanat Vaillant, Maribel Augusta Fernandes Martins, Randolfo Torres Martínez, Famet Alfonso Sat

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Justificación: El exceso de peso (que comprende el sobrepeso y la obesidad) se ha hecho prevalente en el mundo contemporáneo. El exceso de peso es un hallazgo frecuente en el paciente nefrópata en hemodiálisis (HD) iterada. Existen reportes contradictorios sobre la influencia del exceso de peso en la respuesta a la HD. Objetivo: Determinar la influencia del exceso de peso sobre la respuesta a la HD iterada. Diseño del estudio: Analítico, longitudinal. Serie de estudio: Setenta y seis pacientes nefrópatas crónicos (Hombres: 39.5%; Edades ≥ 60 años: 42.1%) tratados mediante HD iterada (Tiempo de permanencia en HD entre 1 – 5 años: 59.2%) en el Servicio de Hemodiálisis del Hospital Clínico quirúrgico “Hermanos Ameijeiras” (La Habana, Cuba) entre Enero del 2014 y Enero del 2015 (Tasa de supervivencia al año: 82.9%). Material y método: El fenotipo nutricional del enfermo se estableció del Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) determinado a la admisión del mismo en el estudio. Se examinaron las asociaciones entre el fenotipo nutricional, por un lado; y las variables clínicas, demográficas y bioquímicas descriptivas del estado de salud del enfermo, por el otro. Resultados: El exceso de peso afectó al 38.1% de los pacientes estudiados (Sobrepeso: 27.6% vs. Obesidad: 10.5%). El exceso de peso se asoció con el sexo del enfermo, la causa de pérdida de la función renal, y el tiempo de permanencia en el programa de HD. Igualmente, el exceso de peso se asoció a una tasa superior de mortalidad al año de
evolución. Sin embargo, el fenotipo nutricional fue independiente de las variables bioquímicas examinadas. Asimismo, el fenotipo nutricional no influyó en la tasa de ocurrencia de bacteriemias y hospitalizaciones. Conclusiones: El exceso de peso se puede asociar a una mayor mortalidad del nefrópata crónico sujeto a HD iterada.

Palabras clave

Enfermedad renal crónica; Hemodiálisis; Estado nutricional; Exceso de peso; Obesidad

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