Complicaciones metabólicas tras el trasplante renal

Gerardo Borroto Díaz, Malicela Barceló Acosta

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Resumen

El paciente trasplantado renal se encuentra en riesgo incrementado de numerosas complicaciones metabólicas que pueden afectar el funcionamiento del injerto y causar disfunción temprana del mismo, y, de no intervenirse oportunamente, la pérdida del riñón trasplantado, y la propia vida del paciente. Las causas de tales complicaciones metabólicas se organizan alrededor de la resistencia a la acción de la insulina y los estados alterados de utilización periférica de la glucosa. A la insulinorresistencia contribuye desde el fondo genético del enfermo y la causa primaria de deterioro de la función renal, hasta el tratamiento inmunosupresor, la ganancia excesiva de peso, la distribución visceral de la grasa corporal, y el funcionalismo del riñón injertado. No deben pasarse por alto los estilos de vida y alimentarios del enfermo, entre ellos, el sedentarismo y la participación desproporcionada de las grasas alimentarias dentro de la dieta regular. La identificación, corrección y eventual prevención de las complicaciones secundarias al trasplante renal obliga a la actuación multi- e inter-disciplinaria en todos los dominios del estado de salud del paciente trasplantado tales como las características del régimen inmunosupresor, la actividad física, y la alimentación. La promoción de una dieta equilibrada y variada, la práctica sistemática de ejercicio físico, la reorientación de los estilos de vida del paciente, y la adecuación del tratamiento inmunosupresor a cada etapa en la evolución del trasplante renal debe resultar en una supervivencia prolongada del injerto, y una mejor calidad de vida tanto del sujeto como de los familiares.

Palabras clave

Trasplante renal; Insulinorresistencia; Obesidad

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