Crecimiento perinatal asociado al exceso de peso corporal en escolares holguineros

Galina Galcerán Chacón, Vladimir Ruiz Álvarez, Milagros Alegret Rodríguez, María Elena Díaz Sánchez, Manuel Hernández Triana

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Resumen

Justificación: Los eventos perinatales (que pueden presentarse desde la etapa temprana de la vida intrauterina hasta después del nacimiento) se asocian con el exceso de peso corporal en el adulto. Material y método: La naturaleza y fuerza de la asociación enunciada previamente se evaluaron mediante un estudio observacional, analítico, del tipo casos y controles, con escolares de 6-11 años de edad domiciliados en el municipio Holguín (Holguín, Cuba), nacidos de madres con similar edad gestacional (entre 37 – 42 semanas), comparables respecto del sexo y la edad, y sin afecciones de la salud, entre 2007 y 2008: Casos: Sobrepeso presente: 200 niños con puntaje z del Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) > 1 desviación estándar respecto del valor de referencia (NCHS National Center for Health Statistics) para niños del mismo sexo y edad; Controles: Peso normal: 200 niños con puntaje z del IMC entre -/+1 desviación estándar del valor de referencia. La fuerza de la asociación entre los eventos perinatales y el peso corporal del escolar examinado se estimó de las correspondientes razones de disparidad. Resultados: El exceso de peso corporal en el escolar se asoció fuertemente con la insuficiente ganancia de peso durante el embarazo y el bajo peso al nacer, las enfermedades maternas asociadas, y el bajo peso corporal de la madre al inicio del embarazo. Conclusiones: En los niños nacidos con afectación del crecimiento fetal el control de la ganancia de peso acelerada en los primeros meses de vida adquiere relevante importancia para la prevención del desarrollo futuro de obesidad.

Palabras clave

Obesidad; Escolares; Bajo peso al nacer; Ganancia de peso durante el embarazo; Crecimiento postnatal acelerado; Enfermedades crónicas

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