Gasto de energía en actividad física de preescolares medido con sensores ActiHeart®©

Manuel Hernández Triana, Vladimir Ruiz Álvarez, Carlos Viera Casiñol, Guillermo Morea, Daniel Bustamante, María Elena Díaz Sánchez, Caridad Arocha Oriol, Maybe Díaz Domínguez, Iraida Wong Ordoñez, Ileana Puentes

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Resumen

El sensor de movimiento ActiHeart®©, utilizado para la medición de la actividad física, integra los registros de la frecuencia cardiaca con los medidos por acelerometría en el desplazamiento, a la vez que descarta los valores errados que pueden registrarse por cualquiera de ellos por separado. Los sensores ActiHeart®© se emplearon para medir el gasto diario de energía de 56 niños preescolares (Niñas: 62.5%; Edad: 5.9 -/+ 0.3 años) cada 15 segundos durante 3 días de la semana (uno de los días del fin de semana incluido en la medición). El estado nutricional del niño fue calificado según los estándares del Centro de Control de las Enfermedades (Atlanta, Estados Unidos). El gasto energético diario total fue superior en los varones (Varones: 1544 -/+ 162 kcal.24 horas-1 vs. Niñas: 1341 -/+ 243 kcal.24 horas-1; p < 0.05), incluso después de ajustado según el peso corporal del niño (Varones: 64 -/+ 9 kcal.kg-1.24 horas-1 vs. Niñas: 57 -/+ 6 kcal.kg-1.24 horas-1; p < 0.05). El mayor gasto energético diario de los varones pudo estar causado por una superior tasa metabólica en reposo (Varones: 1086 -/+ 94 kcal.24 horas-1 vs. Niñas: 946 -/+ 73 kcal.24 horas-1; p < 0.05). El nivel de actividad física (NAF) fue similar en uno y otro sexo. Los varones con peso normal tuvieron mayor gasto de energía (Peso normal: 72 -/+ 9 kcal.kg-1.24 horas-1 vs. Sobrepeso: 55 -/+ 8 kcal.kg-1.24 horas-1; p < 0.05) y niveles superiores de NAF (Peso normal: 1.5 -/+ 0.2 vs. Sobrepeso: 1.3 -/+ 0.1; p < 0.05) y menores tasas metabólicas basales (Peso normal: 963 -/+ 42 kcal.24 horas-1 vs. Sobrepeso: 1209 -/+ 123 kcal.24 horas-1; p < 0.05). Las niñas con peso adecuado también tuvieron un mayor gasto energético y una menor tasa metabólica basal. Sin embargo, el NAF de las niñas fue independiente del peso corporal. La medición del gasto de energía con los sensores ActiHeart®© puede ser una herramienta efectiva en el diagnóstico y la intervención de la obesidad en la población infantil cubana.

Palabras clave

Preescolares; Acelerometría; Frecuencia cardiaca; Obesidad; Actividad física

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