El impacto de los protocolos ERAS-ACERTO en la respuesta a la cirugía y la evolución posoperatoria

Alfredo Matos Adames, Sergio Santana Porbén

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Resumen

La aparición de la cirugía laparoscópica | de mínimo acceso, las demandas incrementadas de procedimientos quirúrgicos, los costos aumentados, y una población envejecida y plurimórbida, han llevado a cuestionar las formas en que se conduce tradicionalmente la actividad quirúrgica electiva. Se desea, por un lado, minimizar el riesgo perioperatorio, mientras que, por el otro lado, facilitar (acelerar) el tránsito del paciente por las fases post-operatoria y de recuperación. Los protocolos ERAS han emergido en respuesta a estos retos, y con ello, han propiciado el examen crítico y la resolución de paradigmas como el reposo intestinal, la suspensión de la vía oral mientras no ocurra la expulsión de heces y gases, y el “lavado” del marco cólico. En este ensayo se revisan las acciones comprendidas dentro de los protocolos ERAS, entre ellas, las relacionadas con aquellas acciones concebidas para manipular la actividad | funcionalidad del tracto gastrointestinal. La minimización del tiempo de ayuno, la reapertura de la vía oral tan pronto se consiga la completa resucitación, reanimación y rehidratación del paciente, y la prevención del íleo paralítico, todas contribuyen a la pronta recuperación post-quirúrgica y post-anestésica, y una mayor tasa de éxitos, con los consiguientes ahorros económicos. La incorporación del nutricionista dentro de los equipos básicos de trabajo de la especialidad serviría para alcanzar una mayor tasa de adherencia a los protocolos ERAS, y una superior realización de los beneficios implícitos en ellos.

Palabras clave

Cirugía; Recuperación; Ayuno; Efectividad

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